@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00086566,
 author = {L.Randolph and M.Banjafar and T.R.Preston and T.Yabuuchi and M.Makita and N.P.Dover and S.Göde and Y.Inubushi and G.Jakob and J.Kaa and Kon, A. and J.K.Koga and D.Ksenzov and T.Matsuoka and M.Nishiuchi and M.Paulus and Ch.Rödel and F.Schon and K.Sueda and Y.Sentoku and T.Togashi and M.Vafaee-Khanjani and M.Bussmann and T.E.Cowan and M.Kläui and C.Fortmann-Grote and A.P.Mancuso and T.Kluge and C.Gutt and M.Nakatsutsumi and Dover, NicholasPeter and Akira, Kon and Kevin Koga, James and Mamiko, Nishiuchi},
 issue = {3},
 journal = {Physical Review Research},
 month = {Jul},
 note = {Observing ultrafast laser-induced structural changes in nanoscale systems is essential for understanding the dynamics of intense light-matter interactions. For laser intensities on the order of 10^14W/cm^2, highly collisional plasmas are generated at and below the surface. Subsequent transport processes such as heat conduction, electron-ion thermalization, surface ablation, and resolidification occur at picosecond and nanosecond timescales. Imaging methods, e.g., using x-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL), were hitherto unable to measure the depth-resolved subsurface dynamics of laser-solid interactions with appropriate temporal and spatial resolution. Here we demonstrate picosecond grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) from laser-produced plasmas using XFEL pulses. Using multilayer (ML) samples, both the surface ablation and subsurface density dynamics are measured with nanometer depth resolution. Our experimental data challenges the state-of-the-art modeling of matter under extreme conditions and opens new perspectives for laser material processing and high-energy density science.},
 title = {Nanoscale subsurface dynamics of solids upon high-intensity femtosecond laser irradiation observed by grazing-incidence x-ray scattering},
 volume = {4},
 year = {2022}
}