@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00085239,
 author = {Hoang Hao, Lam and Duy Tap, Tran and Tran Trong Hieu, Dinh and Korneeva, Ekaterina and Van Tiep, Nguyen and Yoshimura, Kimio and Hasegawa, Shin and Shin-ichi, Sawada and Van Man, Tran and Quang Hung, Nguyen and Anh Tuyen, Luu and Van-Phuc, Dinh and Quang Luan, Le and Maekawa, Yasunari and Kimio, Yoshimura and Shin, Hasegawa and Shinichi, Sawada and Yasunari, Maekawa},
 issue = {14},
 journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer Science},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {The morphology and elemental compositions at the surface of poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) grafted poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) polymer electrolyte membranes (ETFE-PEMs) in a grafting degree (GD) range of 0%–127% are investigated by using FE-SEM and XPS analyses. The concentrations of elemental components at the surface are not a linear function of GDs, resulting from different grafting speeds at the surface and bulk. In addition, low accumulation of PSSA grafts on the surface of ETFE-PEMs in the low GDs of 0%–19%, as well as their homogeneous distribution through the membranes at least at a GD of 19% are observed. At higher GDs of 19%–127%, the PSSA accumulation on the surface is relatively limited, indicating the presence of more PSSA grafts inside the bulk than on the surface. The surface signatures of ETFE-PEMs over the entire GD range can be determined based on the grafting process. These interesting observations suggest the significant advantages of interfacial properties of ETFE-PEMs for fuel cell applications.},
 title = {Morphological characterization of grafted polymer electrolyte membranes at a surface layer for fuel cell application},
 volume = {139},
 year = {2022}
}