@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00084739,
 author = {Yuhei, Miyasaka and Hidemasa, Kawamura and Sato, Hiro and Nobuteru, Kubo and Mizukami, Tatsuji and Matsui, Hiroshi and Miyazawa, Yoshiyuki and Ito, Kazuto and Takashi, Nakano and Suzuki , Kazuhiro and Tatsuya, Ohno and Yuhei, Miyasaka and Hidemasa, Kawamura and Nobuteru, Kubo and Takashi, Nakano and Tatsuya, Ohno},
 journal = {BMC Urology},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {Background
The optimal management of clinical T4 (cT4) prostate cancer (PC) is still uncertain. At our institution, carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for nonmetastatic PC, including tumors invading the bladder, has been performed since 2010. Since carbon ion beams provide a sharp dose distribution with minimal penumbra and have biological advantages over photon radiotherapy, CIRT may provide a therapeutic benefit for PC with bladder invasion. Hence, we evaluated CIRT for PC with bladder invasion in terms of the safety and efficacy.

Methods
Between March 2010 and December 2016, a total of 1337 patients with nonmetastatic PC received CIRT at a total dose of 57.6 Gy (RBE) in 16 fractions over 4 weeks. Among them, seven patients who had locally advanced PC with bladder invasion were identified. Long-term androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) was also administered to these patients. Adverse events were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event version 5.0.

Results
At the completion of our study, all the patients with cT4 PC were alive with a median follow-up period of 78 months. Grade 2 acute urinary disorders were observed in only one patient. Regarding late toxicities, only one patient developed grade 2 hematuria and urinary urgency. There was no grade 3 or worse toxicity, and gastrointestinal toxicity was not observed. Six (85.7%) patients had no recurrence or metastasis. One patient had biochemical and local failures 42 and 45 months after CIRT, respectively. However, the recurrent disease has been well controlled by salvage ADT.

Conclusions
Seven patients with locally advanced PC invading the bladder treated with CIRT were evaluated. Our findings seem to suggest positive safety and efficacy profiles for CIRT.},
 title = {Carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer with bladder invasion},
 volume = {21},
 year = {2021}
}