@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00080676,
 author = {Negoro, Hiromitsu and Iizumi, Takashi and Mori, Yutaro and Matsumoto, Yoshitaka and Chihara, Ichiro and Hoshi, Akio and Sakurai, Hideyuki and Nishiyama, Hiroyuki and Ishikawa, Hitoshi and Yoshitaka, Matsumoto and Hideyuki, Sakurai and Hiroyuki, Nishiyama and Hitoshi, Ishikawa},
 issue = {7},
 journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
 month = {Oct},
 note = {Background and Purpose: Worsening lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a frequent adverse event following proton beam therapy (PBT) for localized prostate cancer. We investigated the dierences in worsening LUTS among patients who received PBT at dierent times of day. Participants and Methods: Among 173 patients who underwent PBT for prostate cancer, 168 patients (median age 68.5 years) completed international prostate symptom score (IPSS) questionnaires and were included.
Changes in the IPSS from baseline to the end of PBT were assessed by multiple linear regression analysis for age, National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk classification, androgen deprivation therapy, fractional PBT dose, clinical target volume, severity of IPSS, diabetes, LUTS medication use before PBT, anti-coagulant therapy and radiation time of day (morning (08:30–10:30), around noon (10:31–14:30), and late afternoon (14:31–16:30)). Results: IPSS total score and IPSS-Quality of Life (QoL) score (12 patients were excluded due to missing IPSS-QoL score) increased from eight to 14.9 (p < 0.0001) and from two to four (p < 0.0001), respectively. Time of day (morning) was the only determinant for worsening LUTS ( = ????0.24, p < 0.01), voiding subscore ( = ????0.22, p < 0.05) and IPSS-QoL ( = ????0.27, p < 0.005), and was a determinant in item four (urgency) ( = ????0.28, p < 0.005) with age ( = 0.19, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Morning PBT for localized prostate cancer significantly ameliorated worsening LUTS and improved QoL compared with treatment around noon or late afternoon. Chronoradiation therapy for localized prostate cancer may be eective and further research to elucidate the underlying mechanism is warranted.},
 title = {Chronoradiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer:Morning Proton Beam Therapy Ameliorates Worsening Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms},
 volume = {9},
 year = {2020}
}