@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00078233,
 author = {Okada, Naohiro and Yahata, Noriaki and Koshiyama, Daisuke and Morita, Kentaro and Sawada, Kingo and Kanata, Sho and Fujikawa, Shinya and Sugimoto, Noriko and Toriyama, Rie and Masaoka, Mio and Koike, Shinsuke and Araki, Tsuyoshi and Kano, Yukiko and Endo, Kaori and Yamasaki, Syudo and Ando, Shuntaro and Nishida, Atsushi and Mariko, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa and Kasai, Kiyoto and Noriaki, Yahata},
 journal = {NeuroImage},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {Early-maturing girls are relatively likely to experience compromised psychobehavioral outcomes. Some studies have explored the association between puberty and brain morphology in adolescents, while the results were non-specific for females or the method was a region-of-interest analysis. To our knowledge, no large-scale study has comprehensively explored the effects of pubertal timing on whole-brain volumetric development or the neuroanatomical substrates of the association in girls between pubertal timing and psychobehavioral outcomes. We collected structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of a subsample (N ​= ​203, mean age 11.6 years) from a large-scale population-based birth cohort. Tanner stage, a scale of physical maturation in adolescents, was rated almost simultaneously with MRI scan. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire total difficulties (SDQ-TD) scores were rated by primary parents some duration after MRI scan (mean age 12.1 years). In each sex group, we examined brain regions associated with Tanner stage using whole-brain analysis controlling for chronological age, followed by an exploration of brain regions also associated with the SDQ-TD scores. We also performed mediation analyses. In girls, Tanner stage was significantly negatively correlated with gray matter volumes (GMVs) in the anterior/middle cingulate cortex (ACC/MCC), of which the subgenual ACC (sgACC) showed a negative correlation between GMVs and SDQ-TD scores. Smaller GMVs in the sgACC mediated the association between higher Tanner stages and higher SDQ-TD scores. We found no significant results in boys. Our results from a minimally biased, large-scale sample provide new insights into neuroanatomical correlates of the effect of pubertal timing on developmental psychological difficulties emerging in adolescence.},
 title = {Smaller anterior subgenual cingulate volume mediates the effect of girls’ early sexual maturation on negative psychobehavioral outcome},
 volume = {209},
 year = {2019}
}