@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00077669,
 author = {Serianni, G. and Toigo, V. and Bigi, M. and Boldrin, M. and Chitarin, G. and Kashiwagi, Mieko and people, Others,many and Mieko, Kashiwagi},
 issue = {B},
 journal = {Fusion Engineering and Design},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {To reach fusion conditions and control plasma configuration in ITER, a suitable combination of additionalheating and current drive systems is necessary. Among them, two Neutral Beam Injectors (NBI) will provide33 MW hydrogen/deuterium particles electrostatically accelerated to 1 MeV; efficient gas-cell neutralisation atsuch beam energy requires negative ions, obtained by caesium-catalysed surface conversion of atoms inside theion source. As ITER NBI requirements have never been simultaneously attained, a Neutral Beam Test Facility(NBTF) was set up at Consorzio RFX (Italy), including two experiments. MITICA is the full-scale NBI prototypewith 1 MeV particle energy. SPIDER, with 100 keV particle energy, aims at testing and optimising the full-scaleion source: extracted beam uniformity, negative ion current density (for one hour) and beam optics (beamdivergence < 7 mrad; beam aiming direction within 2 mrad). This paper outlines the worldwide effort towardsthe ITER NBI realisation: the main results of the ELISE facility (IPP-Garching, Germany), equipped with a half-size source, are described along with the status of MITICA; specific issues are investigated by small specificfacilities and by joint experiments at QST and NIFS (Japan). The SPIDER experiment, just come into operation,will profit from strong modelling activities, to simulate and interpret experimental scenarios, and from advanceddiagnostic instruments, providing thorough plasma and beam characterisation. Finally, the results of thefirstexperiments in SPIDER are presented, aimed at a preliminary source plasma characterisation by plasma lightdetectors and plasma spectroscopy.},
 pages = {2539--2546},
 title = {SPIDER in the roadmap of the ITER neutral beams},
 volume = {146},
 year = {2019}
}