@misc{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00071742,
 author = {William, Mccairn Kevin and Nagai, Yuji and Yukiko, Hori and Iriki, Atsushi and takada, Masakiho and Minamimoto, Takafumi and Isodda, Masaki and Matsumoto, Masayuki and 永井 裕司 and 堀 由紀子 and 入來 篤史 and 南本 敬史 and 松本 正幸},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {Myoclonic and vocal tics, believed to arise from abnormalities in the cortico-basal ganglia (CBG) system, are primary symptoms associated with Tourette syndrome (TS). We used a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of TS to investigate the neurophysiological and behavioral dynamics of myoclonic and vocal tics.  Tourettisms were induced through bicuculline (GABA antagonist) disinhibition of functional territories in the CBG. Bicuculline targeted to the sensorimotor putamen led to repetitive myoclonic tics, while placement into the nucleus accumbens induced persistent vocalizations. Using PET imaging, audio-visual, electromyographic (EMG), and local field potential (LFP) recording at the injection site and basal ganglia (BG)-cortico-recipient areas (motor cortex (M1) and anterior cingulate regions (ACC)); we demonstrate that simple myoclonic and vocal tics show both similar and divergent properties with respect to the emergence of pathological behavior and brain states. Critically, myoclonic tics showed a faster expression rate and tic length was longer than vocal tics. At the cortical level, the amplitude of the LFP spikes in the BG-cortico-recipient area characterized the two behavioral conditions.  Tic associated cortical LFP spikes were larger for simple myoclonic compared to vocal tics.  In addition, simple myoclonic tics were associated with a strong 1:1 relationship between LFP spikes in M1 and EMG activity, while the relationship to vocal tics and LFP spikes in the ACC was more complex. During vocal tics LFP spikes occurred at variable latencies prior to and post vocalization. Critically, however, both motor cortical and limbic cortical (anterior cingulate cortices) showed large reductions in metabolic rate during the peak effects of bicuculline induced tourettism. These findings demonstrate that different sub-cortical/cortical networks and their dynamics underlie the major symptom subtypes of TS (myoclonic vs. vocal tics), and that the pathological underpinnings of the behaviors show convergent and divergent properties., Society for Neuroscience},
 title = {Distinct Cortical and Subcortical networks Drive Myoclonic and Vocal Tics in the Nonhuman Primate Model Of Tourette Syndrome: A PET and Electrophysiological Study},
 year = {2014}
}