@misc{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00071738,
 author = {William, McCairn Kevin and Nagai, Yuji and Kimura, Katsuo and Go, Yasuhiro and Inoue, Ken-ichi and Isoda, Masaki and Minamimoto, Takafumi and Matsumoto, Masayuki and Takada, Masahiko and ＭｃＣａｉｒｎ Ｋｅｖｉｎ Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍ and 永井 裕司 and 南本 敬史 and 松本 正幸},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {We identified an aged Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui; 16 years old) in the Primate Research Institute colony, Kyoto University who developed a spontaneous parkinsonism-like syndrome. The animal exhibited mild to moderate hypokinesia and pronounced tremor in all the axial limbs. We used a number of investigative methodologies to classify symptom types and define the disease, including the simian parkinsonism rating scale, EMG- and accelerometer-based classification of movement, simultaneous cortico-basal ganglia-cerebellar single-cell and local field potential (LFP) recordings, genetic profiling, structural imaging using a high-intensity MRI (7 Tesla), and high-resolution PET measurements for  α-synuclein and dopamine transporter (DAT) levels. 
Electrophysiological single-cell data found high levels of synchronous activity in the cerebellum and between the cerebellum and the motor cortex, particularly at frequencies related to parkinsonian tremor. This contrasted significantly to MPTP-induced parkinsonian model monkeys who displayed increased synchronous activity in the cortical and basal ganglia structures and minor abnormalities in the cerebellum. LFP recording often showed increased power in the beta-frequency range typical of a primate parkinsonian model. Genetic analysis revealed abnormalities in the expression of (src homology 2 domain containing)-transforming protein (SHC2) gene. High-intensity MRI imaging showed a potential cruciform signal, like a hot cross bus sign, in the pons. Compared with a control subject, α-synuclein level tended to be increased in the brainstem and cerebellum, while a striatal DAT binding appeared to be unaffected; however, LFP power signals in the beta range tended to be reduced via challenge with L-DOPA. In light of the above symptom profiles, we suggest that the animal may suffer from multisystem atrophy., 日本神経科学学会},
 title = {Spontaneously Emerging Parkinsonism in a Subspecies of Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui): A Potential Analogue of Multisystem Atrophy.},
 year = {2014}
}