@misc{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00071609,
 author = {Yokokawa, Keita and Yamada, Makiko and Takano, Harumasa and Suhara, Tetsuya and 横川 啓太 and 山田 真希子 and 高野 晴成 and 須原 哲也},
 month = {Jun},
 note = {Although antidepressant is believed to improve mood, its efficacy of real chemical acts is often intertwined with psychological expectations, known as the placebo effect. In the currently, we investigated how expectations alter visual perception with pharmacological interventions.Ten healthy subjects were tested with the binocular rivalry task under two medication conditions, with orwithout antidepressant (Duloxetine). The task contained three blocks: 1) baseline block, 2) learning block, 3) test block. In each block, subjects were asked to report perceptual reversals. In the baseline block, subjects were presented with Gabor stimuli with two different directions (leftward and rightward tilts) whose contrasts are the same. In the learning block, stimuli with two directions were changed in their contrasts (high and low) to bias subjects' perception toward high contrast. In the test block, the same contrast stimuli with the baseline block were again presented. After completing the task, subjects filled out the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Under medication, biased perception towards the expected direction in the test block was negatively correlated with the level of hopelessness. While perception of subjects with lower hopelessness was biased towards the expected direction, perception of those with higher hopelessness was unbiased. Thus, the results indicated that expectations altered perceptual experience only when antidepressant effectively worked on mood. The finding implicates that expectation modulates perceptual experience which might be related to the placebo effect of antidepressant., Neuro2013},
 title = {Depression is associated with reduced perceptual alteration induced by expectation},
 year = {2013}
}