@misc{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00065055,
 author = {Sai, Sei and Wakai, Toshifumi and Yamada, Shigeru and Kamada, Tadashi and 崔 星 and 山田 滋 and 鎌田 正},
 month = {May},
 note = {Purpose: To examine whether carbon ion beams are effective in targeting putative human cholangicarcinoma cancer stem-like cells.
Methods:  Putative cancer stem cells sorted from HuccT1 and Huh28 cells were treated with or without carbon ion or X-ray irradiation and then colony and spheroid formation assay, FACS analysis, gamma-H2AX foci assay, as well as in vivo xenograft tumor control analysis were performed. 
Results: FACS analysis showed that a proportion of CD133+/CD90+, CD44+/ESA+ was more significantly enriched by X-rays compared to carbon-ion beams. Colony and spheroid formation assay as well as in vivo tumorigenic assay showed that CD133+/CD90+ and CD44+/ESA+ cells exactly have cancer stem cell properties. Analysis of cell survival fractions showed that carbon beams were more effective at killing those of cancer stem-like cells compared to X-rays. A more large number and large-sized gamma-H2AX foci were observed in CD44+/ESA+ cells after 24 h carbon ion beam irradiation compared to X-rays. Xenograft tumor appeared to be very resistant to X-rays, since the tumor was not controlled even treated with 60 Gy of X-rays, but it was destroyed with 35 Gy of carbon ion beam. 
Conclusion: In conclusion, carbon ion beams induce prolonged and complex DNA damage, therefore potentially have advantage over X-rays by targeting putative cholangiocarcinoma stem cells., Heavy ion Therapy and Space Radiation Symposium (HITSRS)},
 title = {Carbon Ion Beams Are Effective in Targeting Cholangiocarcinoma Stem-Like Cells In Vitro and In Vivo},
 year = {2013}
}