@misc{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00062492,
 author = {Yamada, Shigeru and Yanagi, Takeshi and Hara, Ryusuke and Yasuda, Shigeo and Kamada, Tadashi and Katou, Hirotoshi and Tsujii, Hirohiko and Tsuji, Hiroshi and Baba, Masayuki and Mizoe, Junetsu and Miyamoto, Tadaaki and Yoshikawa, Kyosan and Kandatsu, Susumu and et.al and 山田 滋 and 柳 剛 and 原 竜介 and 安田 茂雄 and 鎌田 正 and 加藤 博敏 and 辻井 博彦 and 辻 比呂志 and 馬場 雅行 and 溝江 純悦 and 宮本 忠昭 and 吉川 京燦 and 神立 進},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Purpose: To evaluate the tolerance for and effectiveness of carbon ion radiotherapy in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer.
Patients and Methods: We conducted a phase I/II dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy. Fifty-five patients with 59 sites of locally recurrent cancer received carbon ion radiotherapy. Twenty-three relapses originated in the presacral region, 16 in the pelvic side walls, 14 in the perineal region and 6 in the colorectal anastomosis. The total dose ranged from 67.2 to 73.6 gray equivalent (GyE) and was administered in 16 fixed fractions over 4 weeks (4.2 to 4.6 GyE/fraction). 
Results: None of 32 patients treated with the highest total dose of 73.6 GyE experienced National Cancer Institute - Common Toxicity Criteria grade 3 to 5 acute reactions. The overall local control rates were 92% at 1 year and 79% at 3 years of follow-up. Dose escalation was then halted at this level. The median survival time was 38 months (range, 7 to 52 months), and the 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 91% and 65%, respectively.
Conclusion: Carbon ion radiotherapy seems to be a safe and effective modality in the management of locally recurrent rectal cancer, providing good local control and offering a survival advantage without unacceptable morbidity., NIRS-MD Anderson Symposium on Clinical Issues for Particle Therapy},
 title = {Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer},
 year = {2008}
}