@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00049387,
 author = {Makishima, Hirokazu and Yasuda, Shigeo and Isozaki, Yuka and Kasuya, Goro and Okada, Naomi and Miyazaki, Masaru and Mohamad, Osama and Matsufuji, Naruhiro and Yamada, Shigeru and Tsuji, Hiroshi and Kamada, Tadashi and Liver Cancer Working Group, the and Makishima, Hirokazu and Yasuda, Shigeo and Isozaki, Yuka and Kasuya, Goro and Okada, Naomi and Miyazaki, Masaru and Matsufuji, Naruhiro and Yamada, Shigeru and Tsuji, Hiroshi and Kamada, Tadashi},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Cancer science},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {Prognosis is usually grim for those who cannot receive resection with liver metastasis from colorectal cancer (CRC). Radiation therapy can be an option for those unsuitable for resection, and carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) would be expected higher effective and less toxic than X-ray due to its physio-biological characteristics. The objective of this study is to identify the optimal dose of single fraction CIRT for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Thirty-one patients with liver metastasis from CRC were enrolled. Twenty-nine patients received a single-fraction CIRT, escalating dose from 36 Gy (RBE) in 5 to 10% increments until unacceptable incidence of dose-limiting toxicity is observed. Dose-limiting toxicity was defined as grade ≥ 3 acute toxicity attributed to radiotherapy. The prescribed doses were: 36 Gy (RBE) (3 cases), 40 (2), 44 (4), 46 (6), 48 (3), 53 (8), and 58 (3). Dose-limiting toxicity was not observed but late grade 3 liver toxicity due to biliary obstruction was observed in 2 patients at 53 Gy (RBE). Both cases had lesions close to the hepatic portal region, and therefore dose was escalated to 58 Gy (RBE) limited to peripheral lesions. Three-year actuarial overall survival rate of all 29 patients was 78%, and median survival time was 65 months. Local control improved significantly at ≥53 Gy (RBE), with 3-year actuarial local control rate of 82%, compared to 28% in lower doses. Treatment for CRC liver metastasis with single-fraction CIRT appeared to be safe up to 58Gy (RBE) as long as the central hepatic portal region is avoided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
 pages = {303--309},
 title = {Single fraction carbon ion radiotherapy for colorectal cancer liver metastasis:A dose escalation study.},
 volume = {110},
 year = {2018}
}