@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00048828,
 author = {森, 慎一郎 and 森 慎一郎},
 journal = {Physica medica},
 month = {Jul},
 note = {Introduction: To develop real-time image processing for image-guided radiotherapy, we evaluated several neural network models for use with different imaging modalities, including X-ray fluoroscopic image denoising.
\nMethods & Materials: Setup images of prostate cancer patients were acquired with two oblique X-ray fluoroscopic units. Two types of residual network were designed: a convolutional autoencoder (rCAE) and a convolutional neural network (rCNN). We changed the convolutional kernel size and number of convolutional layers for both networks, and the number of pooling and upsampling layers for rCAE. The ground-truth image was applied to the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) method of image processing. Network models were trained to keep the quality of the output image close to that of the ground-truth image from the input image without image processing. For image denoising evaluation, noisy input images were used for the training.
\nResults: More than 6 convolutional layers with convolutional kernels > 5×5 improved image quality. However, this did not allow real-time imaging. After applying a pair of pooling and upsampling layers to both networks, rCAEs with > 3 convolutions each and rCNNs with > 12 convolutions with a pair of pooling and upsampling layers achieved real-time processing at 30 frames per second (fps) with acceptable image quality.
\nConclusions: Use of our suggested network achieved real-time image processing for contrast enhancement and image denoising by the use of a conventional modern personal computer.},
 pages = {79--87},
 title = {Deep architecture neural network-based real-time image processing  for image-guided radiotherapy},
 volume = {40},
 year = {2017}
}