@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00047483,
 author = {William, McCairn Kevin and Nagai, Yuji and Hori, Yukiko and Kikuchi, Erika and Ninomiya, Taihei and Suhara, Tetsuya and Lee, Ju-Young and Iriki, Atsushi and Minamimoto, Takafumi and Takada, Masahiko and Isoda, Masaki and Matsumoto, Masayuki and ＭｃＣａｉｒｎ Ｋｅｖｉｎ Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍ and 永井 裕司 and 堀 由紀子 and 菊池 瑛理佳 and 須原 哲也 and 南本 敬史 and 松本 正幸},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {Neuron},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {Inappropriate vocal expressions - e.g., vocal tics in Tourette syndrome - severely impact quality of life. Neural mechanisms underlying vocal tics remain unexplored because of no established animal model representing the condition. We report unilateral disinhibition of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) generates vocal tics in monkeys. Whole-brain PET imaging identified prominent, bilateral limbic corticosubcortical activation. Local field potentials (LFPs) usually developed abnormal spikes in the NAc and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The behavioral manifestation could occur without obvious LFP spikes, however, when phase-phase coupling of alpha oscillations were accentuated between the NAc, ACC, and the primary motor cortex. These findings contrasted with myoclonic motor tics induced by disinhibition of the dorsolateral putamen, where PET activity was confined to the ipsilateral sensorimotor system and LFP spikes always preceded motor tics. We propose that vocal tics emerge as a consequence of dysrhythmic alpha coupling between critical nodes in the limbic and motor networks.},
 pages = {300--307},
 title = {A primary role for nucleus accumbens and related limbic network in vocal tics},
 volume = {89},
 year = {2016}
}