@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00046736,
 author = {Nomiya, Takuma and Tsuji, Hiroshi and Toyama, Shingo and Maruyama, Katsuya and Nemoto, Kenji and Tsujii, Hirohiko and Kamada, Tadashi and 野宮 琢磨 and 辻 比呂志 and 戸山 真吾 and 丸山 克也 and 辻井 博彦 and 鎌田 正},
 issue = {8},
 journal = {Cancer Treatment Reviews},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {The prognosis of high-risk prostate cancer is poor with a high mortality rate. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) has performed dose-escalation studies of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and has developed high-precision radiation therapy (RT) methods such as intensity-modulated RT, carbon ion therapy, and proton beam therapy. High-dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is also studied as an option for high-risk prostate cancer treatment. Past clinical trials have suggested that the local control rate of high-risk prostate cancer improves with total EBRT dose, even for doses >70 Gy. Several randomized controlled trials, including RTOG 94-06, have shown significantly better prognoses with higher doses (>75 Gy) than with lower doses (<70 Gy). A proton beam therapy trial (PROG 95&#8211;09) also showed similar results. A phase II clinical trial (National Institute for Radiological Sciences, Japan; trial 9904) showed that carbon ion therapy resulted in very good biochemical recurrence-free survival rates among high-risk prostate cancer patients, demonstrating particle therapy to be a valid treatment option. RTOG 86-10 showed that short-term neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy (HT) was inadequate for high-risk prostate cancer but effective for intermediate-risk prostate cancer, whereas RTOG 92-02 and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 22863 showed significant improvements in the prognosis of high-risk groups receiving long-term (>2 years) HT combined with definitive RT. Further studies are warranted to elucidate optimal irradiation doses, HT treatment durations, and combination therapy schedules.},
 pages = {872--878},
 title = {Management of high-risk prostate cancer: Radiation therapy and hormonal therapy},
 volume = {39},
 year = {2013}
}