@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00045990,
 author = {R., Castro and MD and FACR Joseph and A, Blakely and PhD Eleanor and Tsujii, Hirohiko and Schulz, Ertner Daniela and 辻井 博彦},
 journal = {Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology 3rd ed.},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {The use of charged particles in medical radiotherapy(RT)was first suggested in 1946 by physicist Robert Wilson, a formerstudent of Ernest Lawrence, Nobel Prize winner for developing the cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. Following his perticipation in the Manhattan project and having been disap-pointed at the use of atomic weapons, Wilson was anxious to propose something useful for the welfare of mankind in the medical literature. At about the same time, Cornelius Tobias, aiso a student of Ernest Lawrence, was encouraged by Lawrence to work in the field of medical physics. Tobias was instrumental in prepering for clinical use of charged-particle beams with a long and productive series of biophysical studies beginning in the early 1950s2,3 at the University of California Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory(LBNL). The rationale for using charged-particle beams of carbon ions for RT is based on dose-distribution advantages with less multipie straggling and enhanced biologic effects at depth resulting from the nonhomogeneous distribution of increased energy deposition around stopping particle tracks in the Bragg ionization peak, allowing more dose to the tumor and sparing of the surrounding normal tissues.2
 When Robert Wilson proposed the use of protons in 1946, he also noted that carbon ions might be a useful beam and perhaps superior to protons. During the three decades between Wilson's proposal until 1977, when the first carbon ion patient was treated in phase I trials by Castro and colleagues4,5 at the LBNL, a critical expansion ofb knowledge in RT occurred. Significant therapeutic gains were made with the use of high-energy x-ray beams with resultant increase in tumor control and fewer nudesirabie side effects. Much was from the pioneers of RT about the clinical application of there megavoltage beams, providing the basis for using charged particles in cancer therapy.
 John Lawrence, brother of Ernest Lawrence, and John Lawrence's colleagues in the late 1950s and 1960s used plateau proton beams for treatment of pituitary tumors at LBNL, employ-ing a precise patient positioner with side-to-side head rotation.  However, spread Bragg peak charged-particle therapy of cancer was only made practical with the advent of computed tomogra-phy(CT)in the 1970s. CT allowed rapid, accurate determination of the beam path through verying tissue in a patient, and powerful computers also became available for rapid treat-ment planning calculations.},
 pages = {1511--1522},
 title = {Carbon Ion Radiotherapy},
 year = {2010}
}