@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00045759,
 author = {S., Al-Jahdari Wael and Suzuki, Yoshiyuki and Yoshida, Yukari and Hamada, Nobuyuki and Shirai, Katsuyuki and Noda, Shinei and Funayama, Tomoo and Sakashita, Tetsuya and Kobayashi, Yasuhiko and Saito, Shigeru and Goto, Fumio and Nakano, Takashi and 浜田 信行},
 issue = {8},
 journal = {International Journal of Radiation Biology},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {PURPOSE: Recently carbon-ion beams have been reported to be remarkably effective for controlling various cancers with less toxicity and are thought to be a promising modality for cancer treatment. However, the biological effect of carbon-ion beams arising on normal neuron remains unknown. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of carbon-ion beams on neurons by using both morphological and functional assays.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic ganglion chains (SYMP) were isolated from day-8 and day-16 chick embryos and cultured for 20 h. Cultured neurons were exposed to carbon-ion beams and X-rays. Morphological changes, apoptosis and cell viability were evaluated with the Growth Cone Collapse (GCC), Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyUridine TriPhosphate (dUTP) nick End Labeling [TUNEL] assay and 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)- 2-(4-nitrophenyl)- 2H-5-tetrazolio]- 1,3-benzenedisulfonate [WST-1] assays, respectively. 
RESULTS: Irradiation caused GCC and neurite destruction on a time- and irradiation dose-dependent manner. Changes in morphological characteristics were similar following either irradiation. Morphological and functional assays showed that day-8
neurons were more radiosensitive than day-16 neurons, whereas, radiosensitivity of DRG was comparable to that of SYMP. The dose-response fitting curve utilising both GCC and TUNEL labeling index showed higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values were associated with lower lethal dose (LD) values, while lower RBE was associated with higher LD values. 
CONCLUSION: Exposure to high-linear energy transfer (LET) irradiation is up to 3.2 more efficient to induce GCC and apoptosis, in early developed neuronal cells, than low-LET irradiation. GCC is a reliable method to assess the radiobiological response of neurons.},
 pages = {700--709},
 title = {The radiobiological effectiveness of carbon-ion beams on growing neurons},
 volume = {85},
 year = {2009}
}