@article{oai:repo.qst.go.jp:00045177,
 author = {Yamauchi, Kazumi and Kakinuma, Shizuko and Sudou, Satomi and Kito, Seiji and Oota, Yuki and Nohmi, Takehiko and Masumura, Kenichi and Nishimura, Mayumi and Shimada, Yoshiya and 山内 一己 and 柿沼 志津子 and 須藤 聡美 and 鬼頭 靖司 and 太田 有紀 and 能美 健彦 and 増村 健一 and 西村 まゆみ and 島田 義也},
 issue = {1/2},
 journal = {Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis : A Section of Mutation Research},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {Carcinogenesis in humans is thought to result from exposure to numerous environmental factors. Little is known, however, about how these different factors work in combination to cause cancer. Because thymic lymphoma is a good model of research for combined exposure, we examined the occurrence of mutations in thymic DNA following exposure of B6C3F1 gpt-delta mice to both ionizing radiation and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Mice were exposed weekly to whole body X-irradiation (0.2 or 1.0 Gy), ENU (200 ppm) in the drinking water, or X-irradiation followed by ENU treatment. Thereafter, genomic DNA was prepared from the thymus and the number and types of mutations in the reporter transgene gpt was determined. ENU exposure alone increased mutant frequency by 10-fold compared to untreated controls and over 80% of mutants had expanded clonally. X-irradiation alone, at either low or high dose, unexpectedly, reduced mutant frequency. Combined exposure to 0.2 Gy X-rays with ENU dramatically decreased mutant frequency, specifically G:C to A:T and A:T to T:A mutations, compared to ENU treatment alone. In contrast, 1.0 Gy X-rays enhanced mutant frequency by about 30-fold and appeared to accelerate clonal expansion of mutated cells.  In conclusion, repeated irradiation with 0.2 Gy X-rays not only reduced background mutation levels, but also suppressed ENU-induced mutations and clonal expansion. In contrast, 1.0 Gy irradiation in combination with ENU accelerated clonal expansion of mutated cells.  These results indicate that the mode of the combined mutagenic effect is dose dependent.},
 pages = {27--37},
 title = {Differential effects of low- and high-dose X-rays on N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutagenesis in thymocytes of B6C3F1 gpt-delta mice},
 volume = {640},
 year = {2007}
}